2022年全国硕士研究生入学考试《基础英语》考试大纲
一、试卷满分及考试时间
满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷题型结构
试卷内容由六大题型组成，即词汇（20分）、语法（20分）、阅读理解（40分）、完形填空（10分）、改错（10分）和 写作（50分）。
试题示例：
I．词汇（20分）
1. He ______ his head, wondering how to solve the problem.
A. scrapped B. screwed C. scraped D. scratched
……
II．语法（20分）
2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did
A. ought to have done B. have to do
C. had to do D. must do
……
III．阅读理解 （40分）
When Robert Krauss was a boy, 50 years ago, his grandfather told him a story about two men walking down a street one cold winter’s day. One man babbled incessantly, while his companion, frigid hands stuffed in his pockets, merely nodded here and there. Finally, the talker asked, “Shmuel, why aren’t you saying anything?” To which the friend replied, “I forgot my gloves.”
As a boy , Krauss was hard put to understand how someone could be struck dumb by having his hands stilled . But now, as a professor of psychology at Columbia University, he has made the role of gestures in speech a focus of his research. When Krauss started, the conventional scientific wisdom was that gestures are a visual language that conveys meaning --- a pointed finger means “you,” a hand brushed sideways means “over there.” But since some gestures, such as chopping the air in rhythm with one’s sentences, are clearly meaningless, there is an emerging consensus that gestures serve another function, says Krauss: “They help people retrieve elusive words from their memory .”
A slew of recent and upcoming papers pinpoint how talking with your hands can unlock what Krauss calls “lexical memory.” One study, for instance, finds that speakers gesture more when they try to define words that have a strong spatial component ---- like “under” or “adjacent” --- than when defining words that are more abstract, like “thought” or “evil” And doctors notice that stroke patients whose brain lesion impairs their ability to name objects gesture more, “as if they are trying everything they can to come up with a word,” says Krauss. Even people who don’t think they’re gesturing may be. Krauss attached electrodes to people’s arms to measure the activation of their muscles --- a little clench that doesn’t blossom into a full gesture. Then he asked them to come up with words that fit a definition he supplied. “You get more muscle activation when you try to access a word like ‘castanets”, which has a connotation of movement, than when you try to access an abstract word like ‘mercy’, he found.
If gesticulating is like wielding a key to the door of lexical memory, then someone who can’t use his hands should have more trouble unlocking the door. That is just what a new study in the American Journal of Psychology finds. In the experiment, volunteers held onto a bar to keep their hands still; when Donna Frick-Horbury of Appalachian State University in North Carolina read them definitions (“an ancient instrument used for calculations”) the subjects more often failed to think of the word (“abacus”), or took longer to do it, than when they could gesture freely. “Many subjects would actually make motions of using an abacus before coming up with the word, ” says psychologist Robert Guttentag of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, who oversaw the study.
Such findings provide a clue to how our word memory works. Many doors in the brain seem to open onto memories. Just as a whiff of turmeric may unleash a recollection of Grandma’s kitchen, so gesturing may open a door to a word with a spatial or movement connotation, says neuroscientist Brian Butterworth of University College, London. This theory “makes sense,” says memory expert Daniel Schacter of Harvard University, “because we know that the more elaborately a memory is encoded ” --- with vision , smell and movement , for instance --- “the easier it is to access . ”
Not everyone talks with his hands. At the extremes, some people gesture 40 times more than others, Krauss finds. An anthropology study in 1940s New York found that Italian and Jewish immigrants gestured a lot; Jews tended to keep their gestures small, while Italians were more expansive. Krauss suspects that the differences reflect the rhythmicity of languages: the more rhythmic, the more gestures. But something even more interesting may be going on “How much people gesture may reflect a difference in how they think,” says Krauss. “People who gesture a lot may conceptualize things in spatial terms. For instance, rather than thinking of ‘comprehension’ as a purely abstract concept, they may think of it as physically grasping something. And some people may conceive of ‘freedom’ not only as political, but also in more spatial terms”, such as “without boundaries,” which lends itself to gesture. The more an abstract word has physical counterparts, the more helpful gesturing would be. Next time you’re tongue-tied, then, try hand-waving .
1. According to the passage, the field that professor Krauss focuses on is ____.
A. biology
B. anthropology
C. psychology
D. medicine
……
原标题：大连大学2022年硕士研究生初试科目大纲汇总
文章来源：http://yjs.dlu.edu.cn/info/1023/2518.htm
